Artery narrowing is very uncommon in otherwise healthy young people. However, male cyclists were probably the first competitive athletes to be identified to have narrowing of external iliac artery, also known as external iliac artery endofibrosis (EIAE), as a cause of leg weakness.
Oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lower body through a large blood vessel called the aorta. The aorta splits into the right and left common iliac arteries. Each common iliac artery then splits into the internal and external iliac arteries. The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the leg. The femoral artery is responsible for carrying blood from the heart down to each leg.
The underlying cause of EIAE in cyclists is presumed to be the prolonged and repetitive flexion and extension of the hip combined with high rates of blood flow during prolonged and repetitive high-intensity cycling.
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Some cyclists may also have an external iliac artery that's abnormal in length or pathway. This leads to fibrosis and thickening of the inner wall of the artery, which causes narrowing of the artery. This narrowing of the artery is different than the typical age-related atherosclerotic narrowing of arteries, as there is no calcification and less inflammatory cells present in the EIAE.
Symptoms
EIAE usually occurs in one leg, but it can occur in both. Cyclists usually experience a feeling of thigh pain and/or tightness that usually only occurs at very high intensities of cycling, such as with sprinting or hill climbing. This feeling can radiate into the buttock and/or down to the calf. The leg will feel very weak or paralyzed, which forces the cyclist to decrease the intensity and/or stop pedaling.
Diagnosis
Routine physical examination of the affected leg(s) is usually normal for sensation, muscle power, temperature and foot pulse.
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A simple, accurate and inexpensive screening test for leg artery narrowing is to compare the blood pressure using Doppler ultrasound measured at the elbow and ankle. This test is called the ankle-to-brachial systolic pressure index and should be performed at rest and following maximal exercise. An index less than 0.9 is considered to be abnormal. However, the index can also be normal.
Diagnostic ultrasound imaging of the external iliac artery may help visualize EIAE. An MRI or CT angiogram is the probably the sensitive and specific way to visualize the location and extent of EIAE.
Treatment
If a cyclist wants to continue training and competing at a high level, the most definitive treatment for EIAE is surgical. Various surgical techniques are available and can be discussed with a vascular surgeon. Cyclists generally return to their previous level of cycling following surgical treatment, although the post-operative rehab process can take many months.
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