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The vegan diet is characterized by consuming only plant-based foods including fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains. A vegan diet doesn’t include meat or animal byproducts, such as honey, lactose, eggs, and omega-3 fatty acids from fish. Studies show this method of eating can benefit people with obesity, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, lipid disorders, and heart disease.
You can meet the majority of your daily macronutrient requirements on this diet. For example, vegan sources of protein include quinoa, oats, legumes, and plant-based protein powder. That said, there are a few vitamins and minerals that may be lacking in the vegan diet—vitamin B12 and iron are big ones—and could require extra supplementation via a vegan multivitamin.
Best Vegan Multivitamins & Supplements - Our Top Picks
- Best Vegan Multivitamin for Women: Ritual Essential For Women Multivitamin 18+
- Best Vegan Multivitamin for Men: Ritual Essential For Men Multivitamin 18+
- Best Vegan Protein Powder: Transparent Labs Organic Vegan Protein Powder
- Best Vegan Probiotic: Kaged Pro-Biotic
- Best Vegan Omega-3 Supplement: Future Kind Essential Vegan Multivitamin
- Best Vegan Prenatal Vitamins: Ritual Essential for Women Prenatal Multivitamin
- Best Vegan Multivitamin for Athletes: Kaged Multivitamin
- Best Vegan Vitamin D Supplement: Future Kind Vegan Vitamin D3
- Best Vegan Multivitamin for Kids: Ritual Essential For Teens Multivitamin
- Best Vegan B12 Supplement: Future Kind B12 Spray
We've done our research and consulted with ACTIVE.com expert Jessie Brownstein, RD, to find the best vegan multivitamins and supplements to help fill any nutrient gaps. Read on for our top picks, including benefits, key ingredients, and what to look for so you can decide if these supplements fit your dietary needs.
Why Trust Us?
The health and safety of ACTIVE’s readers is of the utmost importance to us. To ensure your well-being when consuming dietary supplements, the ACTIVE.com editorial team prioritizes products that are independently tested by a third party. We’ve consulted with a team of nutritionists and dieticians to ensure the products we feature are of the highest standard. This helps us create the most accurate, authentic review content for our readers.
While we do vouch for the quality of the products in this article, you should consult with your healthcare provider before adding any supplements to your diet.
Best Vegan Multivitamin for Women - Ritual Essential For Women Multivitamin 18+
SPECS
- Price: $1.10/serving
- Form: Capsules
- Dosage: 2 capsules
- Active ingredients: Vitamins E, B12, D3, and K2, Folate, Iron, Magnesium, Boron, Omega-3 DHA
Ritual Essential for Women Multivitamin 18+ tops our list of the best vegan multivitamins because the beadlet-in-oil vegan capsules are stomach-acid resistant and made from vegan-friendly hypromellose and gellan gum. This means that rather than dissolving in your stomach—which can cause side effects like nausea—these capsules are designed to be absorbed later in the small intestine.
We also like that Ritual Essential for Women contains vitamins and minerals such as optimal doses of vitamin B12, vitamin D3, and iron. Iron, in particular, is essential for women who are more likely than men to be deficient due to menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth.(1) All of Ritual's ingredients are traceable, non-GMO, and USP-verified with accompanying clinical studies. Lastly, this is a subscription-based service, so you will receive your multis on a monthly basis but can cancel at any time.
What We Like
- Vegan, gluten-free, USP-verified, and made traceable
- Contains vitamin B12, iron, and vitamin D3
- Delayed-release capsules for better absorption
- Money-back guarantee
What We Don't Like
- Doesn't contain calcium
- Somewhat pricey
BUY: Ritual Essential For Women Multivitamin 18+
Read our full Ritual Vitamins review.
Best Vegan Multivitamin for Men - Ritual Essential For Men Multivitamin 18+
SPECS
- Price: $1.10/serving
- Form: Capsules
- Dosage: 2 capsules
- Active ingredients: Vitamin A, vitamin D3, folate, vitamin B12, magnesium, zinc, boron, omega-3 DHA, vitamin K2
It should come as no surprise that the best vegan multivitamin for men is Ritual Essential For Men Multivitamin 18+, due in large part to the care and consideration that Ritual puts into all their vitamin products. This vegan multi features 10 traceable ingredients. The omega-3 DHA is sourced directly from vegan-friendly microalgae found in Saskatoon, Canada.
Ritual's delayed-release capsules are kinder on the stomach and designed for optimal absorption. They're also gluten-free, non-GMO, and contain no artificial colorants. Last but not least, their bottles are made from 100% recycled materials.
What We Like
- Vegan, gluten-free, USP-verified, and made traceable
- Contains vitamin B12, vitamin D3, and zinc
- Delayed-release capsules for better absorption
- Money-back guarantee
What We Don't Like
- Doesn't contain iron
- Somewhat pricey
BUY: Ritual Essential For Men Multivitamin 18+
Best Vegan Protein Powder - Transparent Labs Organic Vegan Protein Powder
SPECS
- Price: $1.67/serving
- Form: Powder
- Dosage: 1 scoop (32.05g)
- Active ingredients: Organic rice protein, organic pea protein isolate, iron
Vegans can meet their daily protein needs of 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight through a diet rich in options like legumes, nut butters, seeds, and grains, but the occasional gap can still occur.(2) A nutrient-rich plant-based protein powder like Transparent Labs Organic Vegan Protein Powder can be a welcome—and delicious—addition to any vegan diet needing a protein boost.
Transparent Labs Organic Vegan Protein contains 24 grams of protein per serving, coming from a blend of organic rice and organic pea protein isolate, and has 4 milligrams of iron. It's available in French vanilla and chocolate flavors with only 2 grams of sugar and 0 added sugars. Simply mix a 32-gram scoop of powder into 6 to 8 ounces of water or non-dairy milk, shake it up, and go. You can also use it to create baked goods like protein bars or muffins for a pre-workout vegan snack.
If the price gives you pause, Transparent Labs has an excellent subscribe-and-save program for an additional 10% off, free shipping, and exclusive promotions.
What We Like
- Mix of organic pea isolate and organic rice protein
- 4 mg of iron
- Soy, artificial sweetener, and preservative-free
- Subscribe-and-save-program
What We Don't Like
- Limited flavors
- Some may experience GI issues from Stevia
BUY: Transparent Labs Organic Vegan Protein Powder
Best Vegan Probiotic - Kaged Pro-Biotic
SPECS
- Price: $0.99/serving
- Form: Capsules
- Dosage: 3 capsules (take 1 with breakfast, lunch, and dinner)
- Active ingredients: Calcium, L.plantarum
Probiotics can be found in vegan-friendly foods like tempeh, kimchi, and some dairy-free cultured yogurts, though sometimes you need a little more assistance to get your gut digesting properly. This is especially true when you're on a diet rich in raw vegetables. A vegan probiotic supplement like Kaged Pro-Biotic may be able to help you balance your digestive system and reduce fatigue with its delayed-release capsule.(3)
Kaged Pro-Biotic used L.plantarum, which is naturally fermented from Taiwanese kimchi and has shown positive results as an anti-inflammatory, especially in those living with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).(4) Each capsule contains 33 milligrams (10 billion CFUs) of L.plantarum, CFU stands for "colony-forming-unit" and references the live and active microorganisms found in your probiotic. The full dosage of 3 capsules taken with breakfast, lunch, and dinner, that's a massive 30 billion CFUs.
Vegan athletes will be happy to know that Kaged Pro-Biotic is third-party tested, Informed-Sport Certified, and science-backed. Kaged also has a subscribe-and-save program for an additional 10% off.
What We Like
- Delayed-release capsule
- Contains patented L.plantarum (TWK10™)
- May potentially help digestion and energy levels
- Third-party tested and Informed-Sport Certified
What We Don't Like
- 3 daily capsules may be too much for some
- Only 1 strain of probiotics
Best Vegan Omega-3 Supplement - Future Kind Essential Vegan Multivitamin
SPECS
- Price: $0.99/serving
- Form: Softgels
- Dosage: 2 softgels
- Active ingredients: Algal omega-3 oil, EPA, DHA, vitamin B12, vitamin D3
With three vegan sources of omega-3 coming from 900 milligrams of algal omega-3 oil, 135 milligrams of EPA, and 270 milligrams of DHA, Future Kind Essential Vegan Multivitamin is our top choice for this category. Vegans may need more omega-3 as their diets can often be low in these fatty acids.(5) Those who are older, have preexisting chronic conditions or are pregnant may benefit the most from taking an omega-3 supplement while on a plant-based diet.(6) That said, always consult your doctor first.
We like that Future Kind Essential Vegan Multivitamin is citrus-scented with no nausea, and each vegan softgel is easier to swallow. Future Kind also has an incredible subscribe-and-save deal for 20% off your monthly purchase.
What We Like
- 3 sources of omega-3
- Excellent subscribe-and-save option
- Contains vitamin B12 and D3
- Recyclable glass bottle and carbon-neutral delivery
What We Don't Like
- Doesn't contain iodine or zinc
- Somewhat pricey
BUY: Future Kind Essential Vegan Multivitamin
Best Vegan Prenatal Vitamins - Ritual Essential for Women Prenatal Multivitamin
SPECS
- Price: $1.30/serving
- Form: Capsules
- Dosage: 2 capsules
- Active ingredients: Vitamins B12, D3, and K2, folate, magnesium, boron, iron, iodine, magnesium, DHA
Prenatal vitamins are an important part of any expectant mother's nutritional journey, but what about vegan moms-to-be? Ritual provides an answer with their Essential for Woman Prenatal Multivitamin. Not only is each stomach-acid-resistant capsule vegan friendly, but it also contains 12 key nutrients meant for before and during pregnancy, including standards like iron, folate, and vitamin B12. Ritual also has 150 micrograms of iodine, as vegans are at a higher risk for iodine deficiency.(7)
Ritual Essential for Women Prenatal Multivitamin is available with either mint or citrus-essence, depending on your preg-preferences. This is a more expensive brand but features high-quality, traceable ingredients. It's also a subscription service, making your monthly vitamin supply one less thing you'll have to worry about during pregnancy.
What We Like
- Delayed-release vegan capsules
- Can choose between citrus or mint essence
- Contains 12 nutrients for pregnancy
- Money-back guarantee
What We Don't Like
- Doesn't contain calcium
- Below standard choline dosage
BUY: Ritual Essential for Women Prenatal Multivitamin
Best Vegan Multivitamin for Athletes - Kaged Multivitamin
SPECS
- Price: $1.16/serving
- Form: Capsules
- Dosage: 2 capsules
- Active ingredients: Vitamins A, C, D, E, K, B6, B12, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, biotin, pantothenic acid, calcium, iron, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, sodium, ACTIValoe®
Energy levels may see an improvement thanks to a vegan diet, but the science is mixed as to whether that boost comes straight from plant-based eating or just healthier eating in general. So, if you're a vegan athlete looking for more clean energy for your regular training needs, Kaged Multivitamin could be the multivitamin of your dreams. The label even tells you the whole-food sources of each of the 21 essential vitamins and minerals included in each capsule. For example, the B12 comes from chlorella, the iron from spinach leaf and stem, and the calcium from red marine algae. How cool is that?
Additionally, Kaged is third-party tested and certified for sport with no risk of banned substances. If you find this multi to be more expensive than you'd prefer, rest assured that Kaged does offer a subscribe-and-save program.
What We Like
- Vegan, gluten-free, keto-friendly, non-GMO
- 21 essential vitamins and minerals
- Includes ingredients from organic fruits and veggies
- Informed-Sport Certified
What We Don't Like
- Must be taken with food
- May not be fully allergen-friendly
Best Vegan Vitamin D Supplement - Future Kind Vegan Vitamin D3
SPECS
- Price: $0.67/serving
- Form: Capsules
- Dosage: 1 capsule
- Active ingredients: Vitamin D3
Vitamin D deficiency can become an issue for vegans—and non-vegans—due to not getting enough of this fat-soluble vitamin through diet or time spent in the sun. Further, vitamin D deficiency may be associated with increased risks of cancer, heart disease, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and depression.(8) It is much more difficult for someone on a plant-based diet to achieve adequate intakes of vitamin D, so a supplement may be the ideal way to elevate your levels of this vital nutrient.
We recommend Future Kind Vegan Vitamin D3 because it contains one ingredient—vitamin D3 vegan—that is sourced from lichen (Cladonia rangiferina). There are 62.5 micrograms per serving, or 2,500 IU, which is a great mid-tier amount, as too much vitamin D can have an adverse effect and lead to side effects like nausea, frequent urination, and increased thirst. Lastly, Future Kind Vegan Vitamin D3 is very budget-friendly and even friendlier if you take advantage of their subscription program for an extra 20% off.
What We Like
- Vitamin D3 from plant lichen
- Budget-friendly, especially with subscribe-and-save
- Company supports animal sanctuaries
- Recyclable glass bottle and carbon-neutral delivery
What We Don't Like
- May not have enough vitamin D3 for some users
BUY: Future Kind Vegan Vitamin D3
Best Vegan Multivitamin for Kids - Ritual Essential For Teens Multivitamin
SPECS
- Price: $1.10/serving
- Form: Capsules
- Dosage: 2 capsules
- Active ingredients: Vitamin A, vitamin D3, folate, vitamin B12, magnesium, zinc, omega-3 DHA, vitamin K2
Teenagers can benefit from a nutrient-rich teen multivitamin whether or not they're eating a plant-based diet. We like Ritual Essential For Teens Multivitamin because it's high-quality, highly bioavailable—meaning it has greater absorption levels in the body—and is designed to help fill the nutrient gaps of the average teen. Ritual exercises the same thoughtfulness and use of clinically-studied, traceable ingredients with their teen multis as with their adult versions.
Both teen formulas contain immune-boosting zinc and vitamin A, omega-3 DHA, and vitamin B12 to help cognitive function and brain health for developing minds. The girls' vitamin formula differs in that it includes 8 milligrams to help offset the risks of iron deficiency anemia related to regular menstrual cycles.
What We Like
- Great for vegan and non-vegan teens
- Formulas for boys and girls
- Traceable ingredients
- Third-party tested
What We Don't Like
- Capsules may be a tougher sell than a gummy multi
- Somewhat expensive
BUY: Ritual Essential For Teens Multivitamin
Best Vegan B12 Supplement - Future Kind B12 Spray
SPECS
- Price: $0.33/serving
- Form: Liquid
- Dosage: 1mL
- Active ingredients: Vitamin B12, vegetable glycerin water, tart cherry juice, citrus extract, organic Stevia leaf extract
When on a vegan diet, the most readily available sources of vitamin B12 tend to come from fortified foods such as plant-based milk, cereals, and vitamin B12 supplements. Regardless of where it comes from, it's incredibly important for vegans to make sure that they're getting adequate amounts to prevent deficiencies.
What if I told you that supplementing with this water-soluble vitamin could be as easy as using a spray? With Future Kind B12 Spray, it is! Simply spritz each 1 milliliter serving straight into your mouth up to five times per day. Each serving contains roughly 500 micrograms of B12. We recommend Future Kind frequently on our lists because of their commitment to producing clean and sustainable, vegan-friendly products that are third-party tested for quality.
What We Like
- Easy to take
- 500 mcg of vitamin B12 per spray
- Third-party tested
- Does not contain GMOs, sugar, gluten, wheat, nuts, yeast, or salt
What We Don't Like
- May be hard to get an accurate dosage with each spray
- Some may not like the cherry flavor
Most Important Supplements to Take When Following a Vegan or Vegetarian Diet
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble nutrient that plays an important role in maintaining the health of blood and nerve cells, creating DNA, and preventing conditions like anemia that lead to weakness and fatigue.(9) In the diet, the primary sources of B12 are meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy, so it is pretty clear why vegans and vegetarians may be at risk for deficiency. Vitamin B12 is not very present in plant foods, so the use of a B12 supplement can be an effective means of ensuring adequate amounts of this essential nutrient.(10)
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is essential for assisting the body in calcium absorption for bone health. Calcium and vitamin D together are the leading nutrients for osteoporosis prevention later in life.(11) The best sources of vitamin D are oily fish, red meat, and egg yolks. However, vegans can still get vitamin D from leafy greens, legumes, and fortified plant milks and cereals. Regardless of your dietary preferences, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent worldwide and most could benefit from some form of supplementation.(12)
Omega 3
Omega-3 fatty acids are mostly found in fatty fish and are important for heart, joint, and brain health.(13) Vegans can find omega-3s in sources like nuts, seeds, and plant oils, but that may not be enough to reach adequate intake levels. Therefore, supplementing with a vegan-based omega-3 that comes from algae rather than fish can be helpful in meeting these nutritional requirements.
Health Benefits of Taking a Vegan Multivitamin Supplement
May Help Improve Vitamin Deficiencies
Vegan diets tend to be deficient in a few key areas that are otherwise filled by meat, dairy, and eggs. Vegan multivitamins and supplements may help fill these nutrient gaps by providing adequate intake levels of each missing vitamin and mineral and preventing deficiencies that can lead to conditions like anemia.
Promotes Active Lifestyle
Multivitamins contain nutrients that may help increase energy levels in those who live an active lifestyle. Vegan multivitamins go a step further by including extra ingredients like omega-3 fatty acids that decrease deficiency levels and help support heart and joint health. They can also help your ability to recover faster after training sessions.(14)
Additional Nutrients for Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
An essential mineral like iron is needed for growth and development during pregnancy because the volume of blood increases to supply oxygen to the baby. Most healthy women won't necessarily need an iron supplement—unless their iron levels are low—as they can get adequate iron from a well-balanced diet. Vegans may not have this ability as it is harder to absorb iron from plant-based foods, and pregnant or breastfeeding women need about 20 to 30 milligrams of iron per day.(15) So, supplementing with a vegan multivitamin rich in iron—once doctor-approved—is an excellent way to meet those daily needs.
Vegan Multivitamins vs. Generic Multivitamins
Vegan multivitamins differ from generic multivitamins in that they are often contained in gelatin-free capsules that are made from plant-based sources. Vegan multivitamins will also typically have ingredients that cater to common nutrient deficiencies found in the vegan diet by including ingredients like iron, vitamin B12, vitamin D3, and omega-3 fatty acids. These ingredients tend to be naturally sourced and come from whole foods or non-animal-based sources.
What to Look for in Vegan Multivitamins and Supplements
Here are a few things that we consider when selecting these products:
- Ingredients: Look for vitamins and minerals often missing from the vegan diet, like vitamin B12, iron, omega-3s, and vitamin D3. Bonus points for products that derive those ingredients from natural sources, such as omega-3 from microalgae.
- Form: Vegan multivitamins and supplements can come in forms like capsules, softgels, powders, and sprays. If you know that swallowing multiple pills will be difficult, select a supplement form you know you can easily fit into your daily nutrition regimen.
- Price: Vegan supplements like those on our list have high-quality ingredients that tend to be reflected in the cost. That said, you can find decent vegan multivitamins on a budget or opt for a subscribe-and-save program that will save you time and money if you plan on taking these supplements regularly.
- Certifications: The most important certification for this list is that these supplements are certified vegan. Second, vegan supplements that are third-party tested or Informed-Sport Certified ensures that the quality and purity of the product are up to standard.
We asked Jessie Brownstein, RD, what she would look for in a vegan multivitamin or supplement. "In a vegan multivitamin or supplement, I want to be sure that there is enough vitamin B12 (at least 250 micrograms) and iron (adult males 19+ years old need 8 micrograms and adult females 19-50 years old need 18 micrograms. After age 51+, it is recommended that iron amounts in women go down to 8 micrograms. Other vitamins I want to see are vitamin D, Omega-3s, zinc, calcium, and iodine," she replied.(16)
Our Final Takeaway
There are many benefits to the vegan diet and lifestyle—especially for those who are regularly active—as research shows that a steady vegan diet combined with a B12 supplement may help increase in muscle mass and strength without animal-based protein.(17) (Notice that the results of this research relied on a vegan diet with additional supplementation.) Eating vegan can be great for your health, but it isn't without deficiencies in some areas. Being aware of those dietary shortcomings and addressing them head-on may help ensure you still meet all your daily nutrient requirements.
FAQs
Are vegan multivitamins better for you?
Whether or not a vegan multivitamin is better depends on the ingredients and how the supplement is dispensed in your system, i.e., capsules or softgels made from collagen-free gelatin or plant-based alternatives. Some multivitamins even use delayed-release capsules that may help prevent some of the stomach upset that may occur from these formulas that contain several vitamins and minerals. Many of the best brands for this, like Ritual, happen to be vegan and made from natural ingredients.
Jessie Brownstein further elaborates on this, saying, "In a vegan multivitamin, you can be sure that there are no animal products or animal byproducts used in the capsule or the production of the capsule. Additionally, since all the sources of the vitamins contained are plant-based, there are a lot of additional nutrients that can be gained from the vegan multivitamin."
That's not to say that vegan supplements are superior to others. Ultimately, it comes down to personal preference.
Do vegans need a multivitamin supplement?
Vegans can see many benefits from supplementing with a multivitamin as it provides nutrients missing from a diet free of animal sources. Vitamin B12 and iron are especially important as the vegan diet could create deficiencies in these areas.
"Taking a multivitamin helps to ensure that individuals are meeting the daily recommended value of vitamins and minerals. In a vegan diet, there are some nutrients that need to be supplemented in order for the body to have adequate levels. A multivitamin can close the gap on the nutrients that might be lacking. Regular blood work as a vegan can help to keep levels in check and prevent deficiency," says Brownstein.
What are common vegan deficiencies?
Vegan diets are typically deficient in iron and vitamin B12, which may lead to blood-related conditions like anemia. Other common deficiencies are vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids from fish and other essential minerals like iodine, calcium, and zinc, that if unchecked, may lead to health complications over time.
What are the best vegan supplement brands?
In our opinion, the best vegan supplements will be those with ingredients that are third-party certified and contain the vitamins and minerals that are often missing from vegan diets. We often recommend manufacturers like Ritual and Future Kind because they meet these criteria.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
References
- Mintz, J., Mirza, J., Young, E., & Bauckman, K. (2020). Iron Therapeutics in Women's Health: Past, Present, and Future. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 13(12), 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13120449
- Wu G. (2016). Dietary protein intake and human health. Food & function, 7(3), 1251–1265. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fo01530h
- Williamson, C. B., Burns, C. M., Gossard, C. M., Pizano, J. M., Dolan, K. E., Finley, H. J., Gasta, M. G., Parker, E. C., & Lipski, E. A. (2017). Probiotics and Disease: A Comprehensive Summary-Part 3, Cardiometabolic Disease and Fatigue Syndromes. Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.), 16(1), 30–41.
- Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, K., Daca, A., Folwarski, M., Witkowski, J. M., Bryl, E., & Makarewicz, W. (2020). The role of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v in supporting treatment of selected diseases. Central-European journal of immunology, 45(4), 488–493. https://doi.org/10.5114/ceji.2020.101515
- Burns-Whitmore, B., Froyen, E., Heskey, C., Parker, T., & San Pablo, G. (2019). Alpha-Linolenic and Linoleic Fatty Acids in the Vegan Diet: Do They Require Dietary Reference Intake/Adequate Intake Special Consideration?. Nutrients, 11(10), 2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102365
- Saunders, A. V., Davis, B. C., & Garg, M. L. (2013). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vegetarian diets. The Medical journal of Australia, 199(S4), S22–S26. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja11.11507
- Groufh-Jacobsen, S., Hess, S. Y., Aakre, I., Folven Gjengedal, E. L., Blandhoel Pettersen, K., & Henjum, S. (2020). Vegans, Vegetarians and Pescatarians Are at Risk of Iodine Deficiency in Norway. Nutrients, 12(11), 3555. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113555
- Sizar O, Khare S, Goyal A, et al. Vitamin D Deficiency. [Updated 2023 Feb 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532266/
- National Institutes of Health. (2021). Vitamin B12 - Fact Sheet for Consumers. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-Consumer/
- Rizzo, G., Laganà, A. S., Rapisarda, A. M., La Ferrera, G. M., Buscema, M., Rossetti, P., Nigro, A., Muscia, V., Valenti, G., Sapia, F., Sarpietro, G., Zigarelli, M., & Vitale, S. G. (2016). Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation. Nutrients, 8(12), 767. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8120767
- National Institutes of Health. (2021). Vitamin D - Fact Sheet for Consumers. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-Consumer/
- Naeem Z. (2010). Vitamin d deficiency- an ignored epidemic. International journal of health sciences, 4(1), V–VI.
- National Institutes of Health. (2022). Omega-3 Fatty Acids - Fact Sheet for Consumers. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-Consumer/
- Brancaccio, M., Mennitti, C., Cesaro, A., Fimiani, F., Vano, M., Gargiulo, B., Caiazza, M., Amodio, F., Coto, I., D'Alicandro, G., Mazzaccara, C., Lombardo, B., Pero, R., Terracciano, D., Limongelli, G., Calabrò, P., D'Argenio, V., Frisso, G., & Scudiero, O. (2022). The Biological Role of Vitamins in Athletes' Muscle, Heart and Microbiota. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(3), 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031249
- InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Pregnancy and birth: Do all pregnant women need to take iron supplements? 2009 Dec 22 [Updated 2018 Mar 22]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279574/
- National Institutes of Health. (2022). Iron - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/
- Wirnitzer, K. C. (2020). Vegan diet in sports and exercise—Health benefits and advantages to athletes and physically active people: A narrative review. Int. J. Sports Exerc. Med, 6, 165.